2.2 Indicators of malicious activity
📘CompTIA Security+ SY0-701
Physical attacks are non-digital threats that directly target a computer system, device, or environment.
Unlike cyberattacks that happen through software or networks, physical attacks often involve hands-on access or manipulation of devices and infrastructure.
Understanding these attacks is important for the Security+ exam because they highlight the importance of physical security as part of overall cybersecurity.
🔐 1. Brute Force Attacks
Definition:
A brute force attack is an attack method where an attacker tries every possible combination of credentials (such as passwords, PINs, or encryption keys) until the correct one is found.
While “brute force” can also refer to logical (software-based) attacks, in this subtopic it focuses on physical brute force, where attackers may try to gain access directly to a device or system.
How It Happens in an IT Environment:
- An attacker attempts to unlock a workstation, smartphone, or server console by repeatedly guessing passwords or PINs.
- The attacker may use a hardware tool that automatically enters password combinations into a login interface.
- It can also happen when an attacker tries to force entry into secured physical locations, such as server rooms, by using tools or manipulating locks.
Indicators of Brute Force Activity:
- Multiple failed login attempts on the same account or device.
- Account lockouts triggered by excessive login failures.
- Unusual access attempts outside of normal hours.
- Security logs showing repeated password guessing.
Prevention Methods:
- Account Lockout Policies – Lock accounts after several failed login attempts.
- Strong Password Policies – Require complex and unique passwords.
- Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) – Adds another layer of protection.
- Logging and Monitoring – Detect repeated access failures quickly.
- Physical Security Controls – Prevent unauthorized physical access to devices.
📡 2. RFID Cloning
Definition:
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) cloning is a physical attack where an attacker copies the data stored on an RFID chip (used in ID badges, access cards, or key fobs) and creates a duplicate card or tag.
This allows the attacker to impersonate an authorized user and gain physical access to secure areas or systems.
How It Happens in an IT Environment:
- RFID is commonly used in building access systems, data center doors, and equipment tracking.
- An attacker uses an RFID skimmer or cloning device to capture data from a legitimate access card.
- The captured data is then written to a blank RFID card, creating a clone that functions like the original.
- The attacker can then use this cloned card to enter restricted areas, such as server rooms or data centers, without authorization.
Indicators of RFID Cloning:
- Unauthorized access attempts recorded by door access logs.
- Two access attempts appearing from different locations at the same time using the same ID card number.
- Employees reporting that their access cards no longer work or have been replaced unexpectedly.
- Suspicious individuals standing near secure entrances holding small scanning devices.
Prevention Methods:
- Use RFID Shielding – Store access cards in RFID-blocking sleeves or wallets.
- Upgrade to Encrypted RFID Systems – Use smart cards that encrypt their data.
- Multi-Factor Physical Access – Combine RFID with PINs or biometric verification.
- Access Logs Review – Regularly monitor physical access logs for anomalies.
- Limit Card Duplication – Ensure cards are issued and managed securely.
🌡️ 3. Environmental Attacks
Definition:
Environmental attacks are threats caused by physical conditions that affect IT equipment and infrastructure.
They may be intentional (sabotage) or accidental (natural causes).
Environmental conditions can damage hardware, interrupt services, or destroy data — leading to downtime or data loss.
Common Environmental Threats in IT Environments:
- Extreme Temperatures – Overheating can damage servers and storage systems.
- Humidity – High humidity can cause condensation; low humidity can cause static electricity.
- Water Damage – Leaks or floods can destroy hardware.
- Power Fluctuations – Surges, brownouts, or power loss can corrupt data or damage circuits.
- Fire or Smoke – Can destroy components and disrupt data center operations.
- Dust and Contaminants – Accumulate in systems, blocking airflow and overheating components.
- Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) – Can disrupt signals in cables and electronic devices.
Indicators of Environmental Problems:
- Devices randomly shutting down or rebooting.
- Temperature alarms from data center sensors.
- Power supply failure or unstable voltage readings.
- Network instability caused by electromagnetic interference.
- Moisture or condensation alerts from environmental sensors.
Prevention and Protection Measures:
- Environmental Monitoring Systems – Track temperature, humidity, and power in real time.
- Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) – Protect against power loss or surges.
- HVAC Systems – Maintain proper cooling and airflow in data centers.
- Fire Suppression Systems – Use gas-based fire suppression instead of water-based systems in IT areas.
- Access Control and CCTV – Prevent unauthorized individuals from tampering with environmental controls.
- Redundant Power and Cooling – Ensure backup systems are in place for critical operations.
🧠 Exam Tips for Security+ (SY0-701):
- Brute Force – Remember it can be both digital and physical. Look for “repeated attempts” or “multiple login failures.”
- RFID Cloning – Think of physical access compromise through card copying. The keyword is “duplicated or copied RFID card.”
- Environmental – Associate this with physical conditions like “temperature,” “humidity,” or “power issues” impacting devices.
- Indicators – Be able to identify signs of an attack or failure, not just the cause.
- Mitigations – Focus on policies, monitoring, and layered physical controls as countermeasures.
🧾 Summary Table
| Physical Attack Type | Description | Indicators | Prevention / Mitigation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brute Force | Repeated attempts to guess passwords or force physical entry | Multiple failed logins, lockouts | Strong passwords, MFA, account lockouts |
| RFID Cloning | Copying RFID access card data | Duplicate access entries, unauthorized access | Encrypted RFID, shielding, multi-factor access |
| Environmental | Physical or natural conditions damaging equipment | Alarms, shutdowns, overheating | UPS, HVAC, fire suppression, monitoring |
✅ Key Takeaway:
Physical attacks can cause as much harm as digital ones.
For Security+, remember that strong physical security, environmental monitoring, and multi-layered protection are essential to safeguarding IT systems from these threats.
